Redox chemistry of biological thiols
Other people may become B12 deficient if they lack certain gut enzymes that allow the body to 'extract' B12 for animal sources
The basis of the development of AITD - Hashimotos thyroiditis (HT), Graves disease (GD), Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) is the loss of immune tolerance to thyroid antigens - thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R)
The cleaner independent support is a 2021 study in APP/PS1 Alzheimer's-model mice (Sun 2021, PMID 34827486), which reported improved Morris water maze performance and increased synaptophysin via PI3K/AKT
Patients often value outcomes that are not fully captured by traditional clinical endpoints, such as fatigue, daily functioning, emotional well-being, treatment burden, and quality of life