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Cellular signaling pathways linked to growth factors show increased activity, which supports regeneration at the tissue level

Reported adverse events are generally mild and local, such as transient injection-site redness, itching, or bruising

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Non-specific symptoms including fatigue, chest pain and overall body weakness present in the first 2 months of initiating immunotherapy

Ion transport mechanisms, including the plasma membrane Ca 2+ ATPase (PMCA) and anion exchanger 1 (AE1, Band 3), also function as checkpoints: PMCA extrudes excess Ca 2+ to limit overload, with its activity modulated by ceramide or AA, while AE1 mutations disrupting ion balance promote eryptosis (Nicolay et al., 2008