doi: 10.1124/mol.56.1.235
The most common side effects are nausea (30-40% of patients), diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, and decreased appetite
however, they are limited by poor bioavailability and lack of selectivity 7,8
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Pycnogenol have since been investigated further which contributed to increased research on the versatile effects of Pycnogenol on human health, such as joint and respiratory health, cognitive function, menopause, dysmenorrhea and sports ( exerts some of its beneficial effects as it optimizes blood flow by improving endothelial function ( were investigated in cardiovascular and venous health, as well as skin, hair and eye health
That creates an opening for more explicit positioning around energy, digestive comfort, or metabolic needs, but it also makes generic functional claims less compelling