For the OGD phase, cells were washed twice with PBS and then incubated in glucose-free DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States) under hypoxic conditions (1% O 2 , 94% N 2 , 5% CO 2 ) in a hypoxia chamber (BioSpherix, Parish, NY, United States) for 8 h
Cholesterol difference is better also
However, there are some theoretical considerations worth noting
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NF-B Pathway Inhibition (Primary Mechanism) KPVs most well-characterized mechanism is inhibition of NF-B (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), the master regulator of inflammation: Cellular Entry via PepT1: KPV enters inflamed cells through PepT1 transporter (oligopeptide transporter 1) Nuclear Translocation Block: Prevents NF-B translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus Transcription Inhibition: Blocks NF-B-mediated transcription of pro-inflammatory genes Cytokine Reduction: Decreases IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, IL-8 production 2