Due to incomplete mechanistic understanding, no effective therapies to reduce levels of indoxyl sulfate are available
Table 3-2 summarizes those biomarkers of greatest interest in the scientific community (Svetlov et al., 2009): S-100B, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and myelin basic protein
GLP-1 also has protective effects on the heart and brain, reduces inflammation and cell death, and plays a role in learning, memory, and behavior related to rewards and taste
Start replacing electrolytes at the first sign of loose stools
The illness can cause persistent cognitive impairment and "brain fog", suggesting chronic brain involvement