retatrutide vs glp 3 vs. Tirzepatide: The Next-Gen GLP-1 Showdown Retatrutide ( GLP-3 ) in

However, all these treatments are symptomatic and cannot prevent or reverse AD pathology ( Figure 1 ) ( Figure 1 Biological characteristics of GLP-1 In the 1980s, a new glucagon-like peptide, produced from proglucagon cleavage, was discovered to stimulate insulin secretion ( GLP-1, a 36-amino acid peptide, is produced in enteroendocrine L-cells of the distal small bowel and colon ( The effect of GLP-1 depends on blood glucose levels since it can only potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from islet beta cells in the hyperglycemic state rather than in the normal blood glucose state ( Tissue distribution of GLP-1R GLP-1 mediates its effects by binding to its receptor, the GLP-1R, which is a sevenfold transmembrane G-coupled receptor that increases levels of cAMP by activating adenylate cyclase ( In the peripheral system, GLP-1R mediates the actions of GLP-1 via the incretin axis, in which stimulation of the GLP-1R with GLP-1 primarily triggers insulin release from islet cells in a glucose-dependent manner and inhibits glucagon secretion from islet cells ( s coupling pathway ( s , upregulating of cAMP, and subsequently activating of PKA ( + efflux, repolarizing the cell and allowing increased calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels, resulting in the exocytosis of insulin from -cells ( In the CNS, GLP-1 also exert neuroprotective and neurotropic effects by binding to GLP-1R ( GLP-1R agonists Several GLP-1R agonists, which mainly delay protease DPP-4 metabolism to overcome the problem with the rapid inactivation of GLP-1, have been developed ( Figure 2 ) ( Figure 2 Exenatide, a peptide of 39 amino acids, has a much slower metabolism than endogenous GLP-1 (half-life of 3-4 h) (120)

Gastric motility slows

Colhoun, H

In addition to this mechanism, PKA has recently been shown to phosphorylate Snapin and regulate the SNARE complex thereby augmenting Ca 2+ mediated exocytosis (106)

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