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J., Vernoux, T., Leaver, C., Montagu, M

Acetaldehyde induces neurotoxicity in vitro via oxidative stress- and ca(2+) imbalance-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress

1 ml per day

Methods Ethics approval and consent to participate Mouse studies were approved by the Ethics Commission of the Canton of Bern, Switzerland (license (BE49_2022), and all experiments were conducted in accordance with the animal guidelines and protocols of the University of Bern, Switzerland

The mechanism underlying these prosocial effects involves Melanotan II's activation of melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) located on oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus