Drucker, a fellow in Habeners lab in the 1980s, outlined the processing of proglucagon and the biology of GLP-1 action on insulin-producing cells, which led to the development of multiple types of treatments for type 2 diabetes
It is found that EX can reverse the damage of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by a high-fat diet, and its effect is applied to simvastatin by reversing the down-regulation of SIRT1, preventing the production of reactive oxygen species and inhibiting the apoptosis of mitochondria (50)
GLP-1 RAs also improve insulin sensitivity, reduce ectopic fat deposition, and modulate adipose tissue metabolism by stimulating lipolysis and inhibiting lipogenesis [12, 13]
(Left) In liver cells, GLP-1 can mediate cholesterol efflux by acting directly on LXR, or by inducing an increase in ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mRNA through Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase/CAM-dependent protein kinase IV/Prolactin regulatory element binding (CaMKK/CaMKIV/PREB), increasing apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) mRNA and promoter expression, and increasing apo AI secretion, thereby mediating intracellular cholesterol efflux
In addition to GLP-1 products, Eli Lilly will offer its Trulicity diabetes drug at $389 per month, and Novo Nordisk will price its insulin products (like NovoLog and Tresiba) at $35 per month
