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(Etiology) Carnitine Deficiency Syndrome is a metabolic muscle disease that is characterized by an interference with fat processing needed for the production of energy (fat metabolism that turns fat into energy) Carnitine Deficiency Syndrome can be either primary or secondary: This condition is caused by a genetic defect in the protein (carnitine transporter protein) that is responsible for transporting carnitine into the cell

Gao H, Lin J, Xiong F et al (2022) Urinary microbial and metabolomic profiles in kidney Stone Disease

As previously reported, apoptosis is involved in lead-induced nephrotoxicity, which is closely related to ER stress (2)

Based on a previous research ( 2