The current strategies addressing these issues range from structural modifications (e.g., peptide cyclization, D-amino acid substitution, cationization, pegylation, addition of fatty acid chains), to formulation improvements using permeation enhancers, enteric coatings, enzyme inhibitors, polymers for controlled drug release, micro-/nanocarriers, targeted drug delivery, and physical devices [156]
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Some users report increased gastrointestinal side effects when using older medication, including nausea that seems disproportionate to the dose
10.1038/s41467-023-40036-z 230 YangC.XuY.ZhangW.MaM.WangS.ChaiL.et al (2021)