Cell Death Discovery 2 , 16029 (2016)
Varicose veins affect 1 out of every 2 people older than the age of 50
Oxidized protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) facilitates disulfide bond formation in conjunction with endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1 (Ero1), while GSH acts as a buffer to maintain the reduced form of PDI [50]
35,36,37 Thiols, highly reactive constituents in protein residues, serve as crucial agents in the transduction of redox signals and their interactions with small molecules
Moreover, the lack of large-scale, longitudinal clinical trials using skin-specific endpointssuch as TEWL, AMP expression, and histological markers of epidermal aginghampers the translational application of Vitamin D in anti-aging dermatology