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doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111647 47 VisekrunaARitterJScholzTCamposLGuralnikAPoncetteLet al

In summary, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to the accumulation of FFAs and lipids, promotion formation of diacylglycerols, ceramide, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial damage, ultimately inhibiting insulin signaling and inducing the development of IR [81]

Peptides are short chains of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo

Glutathione injections can enhance detoxification, improve skin clarity, support immune function, increase energy, and reduce oxidative stress, which may help protect against premature aging and inflammation