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Additionally, 6 vital organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain) were isolated to calculate the organ index and observe histopathological changes

Case reports have described marked improvement in hand involvement [73], and a dedicated phase 3 trial (ADHand) is set to read out in late 2025 [101]

The photoreduction of O 2 in chloroplast via photosystemI (PSI) leads to the formation of superoxide ions, which rapidly dismutate to H 2 O 2 spontaneously or by the action of superoxide dismutases (Asada, 1998

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Previous studies suggest that GCL is localized to the chloroplasts and GS is localized both to chloroplasts and cytosol in plant cells (Hell and Bergmann, Arabidopsis suggests that GCL and GS are each encoded by a single gene with alternate transcription start sites leading to either plastid-targeted or cytosolic protein (Wachter et al., 2005)