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& Jiang, H

Copper ions delivered by GHK-Cu also demonstrate up to 90% inhibition of type 1 5-alpha reductase at specific concentrations

This hypothesis is supported by Seahorse analysis, which revealed that CI inhibition by Rot treatment significantly reduced basal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity, but not proton leak (Fig

They added GHK-Cu in concentrations of 10 M to 10 M and measured: Collagen synthesis (by radioactive proline incorporation) Non-collagen protein synthesis Cell proliferation What they found: Stimulation of collagen synthesis by 70 % at the optimal concentration of 10 M (1 nM) The effect was NOT dependent on increased proliferation, fibroblasts increased production per cell Background: GHK without copper had a dramatically weaker effect , Cu is critical Reversibility: After removing GHK-Cu, synthesis returned to baseline Why it matters: This is the fundamental mechanistic study that documented the effect of GHK-Cu on collagen

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