Every time a needle punctures the rubber stopper, there's a minuscule risk of introducing contaminants
For confirmed B12 deficiency without neurological involvement , the standard regimen comprises 1 mg hydroxocobalamin intramuscularly three times weekly for two weeks, followed by maintenance doses every two to three months for those with irreversible causes like pernicious anaemia
Similarly, high concentrations of ions, like the sodium and chloride in saline, can interfere with the hydration shell around the peptide and promote aggregation, where peptide molecules clump together into an inactive, insoluble mass
Antioxid (Basel Switzerland) (2021) 10(8):1293
Its main job is to sweep up "free radicals", unstable molecules that cause damage to your cells, a process known as oxidative stress