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(1) Peptide therapy has become an emerging area in the field of regenerative and functional medicine , intending to offer patients an opportunity to heal from the inside out
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Thus, damage to mitochondrial DNA and loss of can further increase ROS production, thereby creating a cycle of dysfunction that includes increased ROS production by the respiratory chain, activation of signal transduction pathways, and potentially, leading to apoptosis or necrosis, as well as the release of cytochrome c, which triggers apoptosis
To determine whether the loss of recoverable PFUs was due to bacteria being killed or due to the presence of chained bacteria that cannot form plaques (as we observed in epithelial cells), we analyzed infected BMDMs with immunofluorescence microscopy
