Despite this neuronal alteration, the anxiety and depression-like behaviors of heroin dependent mice remained unchanged, possibly due to the rewarding effect of heroin inhibiting their anxiety [7,66,67]
Neuroprotection & cognitive function investigations
During fermentation, kefir microorganisms generate bioactive metabolites, such as bacteriocins, bioactive peptides, exopolysaccharides, ethanol, carbon dioxide, vitamins B1 and B12, calcium peptides, and amino acids, which contribute to antimicrobial, antioxidant, and metabolic benefits (Nakagawa et al., 2024)
Narita T, Katsuura Y, Sato T, Hosoba M, Fujita H, Morii T, Yamada Y
So what evidence do we have in human studies