Moreover, the estimated mortality rates of 2.4% and 5.7% for cancers of the lip and oral cavity and the esophagus respectively, and 8.4% along with 11.5% individually for stomach and colorectum cancers, indicated that digestive cancers serve as huge burden for human health (Global Cancer Observatory, 2022)
This non-proteinogenic amino acid is responsible for how much carnosine is synthesized in the body
By modifying gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence, this process predominantly occurs in CpG islands, regions where cytosine is positioned next to guanine [147]
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Whilst such conjugation reactions may aid excretion of aflatoxin, their toxicological value is unclear as such hydroxylated metabolites are not particularly harmful because they are not subject to 8,9-epoxidation